Agricultural Engineering / Mechanical Engineering/Electrical Engineering/Polytechnics
Text Book of Tractor Engine and Systems: Concepts, Objectives and Numericals
Description
The book is designed as a text book for the discipline of Agricultural Engineering at under graduate and post graduate level in Farm Machinery and Power specialization. Discussion of basic concepts of the subject through clear and simple figures at each step would reinforce the understanding and proficiency of readers regarding the engine, engine systems and power units of tractor. The contents of the book are framed to meet the syllabi prescribed by the Agricultural Universities of India for the courses "Tractor and Automotive Engines" and "Tractor Systems and Controls" in Agricultural Engineering discipline. Inclusion of objective type of questions, viva voce questions and solved numericals would help the students in preparing for various competitive examinations. This book can be used as a reference material in other disciplines mainly Mechanical Engineering/Electrical Engineering/Polytechnics/ITIs etc. Important definitions and glossary of related terms are presented towards the end of the book for their clear and appropriate meaning. Above all, besides students, the book is intended to be used by field workers, technicians, manufacturers and professionals who are engaged in the profession of Agricultural Engineering. Key Features: " Two hundred solved numericals " Five hundred objective type questions " One hundred viva voce questions " Glossary and definition of related terms " Appendices on technical information of tractor
Table of Contents
1. SOURCES OF FARM POWER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Cropping Intensity and Productivity with Power Availability on Indian Farms 1.3 Farm and Farm Activities 1.4 Sources of Farm Power 1.5 Power from Renewable Energy Sources 1.6 Status of Farm Power in India 1.7 Potential of Farm Power from Renewable Sources of Energy 1.8 Estimating Cost of Using Farm Power Devices 1.9 Energy Saving Approaches for Machinery Use in Farm 1.10 References 2. DEVELOPMENTS AND TYPES OF TRACTOR 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of Tractors 2.3 Parts of Tractor 2.4 Development of Tractor 2.5 Selection of Tractor 2.6 Trends in Tractor Population in India 2.7 Operating a Tractor 3. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND ITS COMPONENTS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basics of Fuel Burning Inside Engine Cylinder 3.3 Classification of IC Engine 3.4 Engine Components and Their Functions 3.5 Principle of Operation of I.C. Engine 3.6 Comparison Between Two and Four Stroke Cycle Engine 3.7 Comparison Of Diesel Engine with Petrol Engine 3.8 Basics of A Heat Engine 4. THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLE OF I.C. ENGINE VALVE MECHANISM 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Gas Laws 4.3 Terminology of Thermodynamics 4.4 Air Standard Cycles 4.5 Ideal Otto Cycle 4.6 Diesel Cycle 4.7 Ideal Dual Cycle 4.8 Deviation of Real Cycles from Ideal Cycle 5. ENGINE BALANCING 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Engine Balancing and Types of Balancing 5.3 Engine Balancing, Firing Order and Firing Interval 5.4 Power Balance 5.5 Power Overlap 6. VALVE MECHANISM 6.1 A Valve and Requirements of a Good Valve 6.2 Construction and Operation of Valve Mechanism 6.3 Valve Mechanism Components 6.4 Tappet/Valve Clearance 6.5 Valve Timing Diagram 6.6 Valve Material and Valve Cooling 7. FUEL AND COMBUSTION 7.1 Requirements of A Good Fuel 7.2 Sources of Fuels 7.3 Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine 7.4 Combustion 7.5 Important Qualities of S.I. Engine Fuels 7.6 Important Qualities of Diesel Fuel 8. CARBURETOR 8.1 Carburetion and A Carburetor 8.2 Combustion and Vaporization or Atomization 8.3 Air-Fuel Rations 8.4 Types of Carburetors 8.5 Components of A Simple Carburetor and Their Functions 8.6 Fuel Supply System of a Petrol Engine 9. FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM OF A DIESEL ENGINE 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Requirements of Fuel Injection System 9.3 Properties of Fuel 9.4 Methods of Fuel Injection 9.5 Major Parts of Fuel System 9.6 Fuel Injection Pump 9.7 Fuel Injector 10. ENGINE GOVERNING SYSTEM 10.1 Purpose of Governor 10.2 Methods of Governing 10.3 Types of Governors 10.4 Classification of Governing System 10.5 Centrifugal Governor 10.6 Pneumatic Governor 10.7 Maximum Speed Adjustment 10.8 Idle Speed Adjustment 10.9 Maintenance of Pneumatic Governor 11. ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM 11.1 Purpose of Lubrication 11.2 Functions of Lubricating Oil in The Engine 11.3 Lubrication Theory 11.4 Classification of Lubricants 11.5 Properties of Lubricating Oil 11.6 Parts: To Be Lubricated 11.7 Types of Lubrication System 11.8 Different Parts of Combined Splash and Pressure Lubrication System 11.9 Crankcase Ventilation (Breather CAP) 12. ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Necessity of Cooling System 12.3 Requirements of Efficient Cooling System 12.4 Types of Cooling System 12.5 Types of Water Cooling System 12.6 Components and Working of Forced Circulation Water Pooling System 13. INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM 13.1 Air Cleaner, Its Necessity and Utility 13.2 Types of Air Cleaner 13.3 Pre-Cleaner 13.4 Intake and Exhaust Manifold 13.5 Types of Muffler 13.6 Rain Trap or Rain Cap 14. CLUTCH 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Necessity of Clutch 14.3 Essential Features of a Good Clutch 14.4 Principle of Operation 14.5 Classification of Clutch 14.6 Friction Clutch 14.7 Multi Plate Clutch 14.8 Fluid Flywheel Clutch 15. GEAR BOX 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Purpose of Transmission 15.3 Principle of Gearing 15.4 Torque and Speed of Engine and Drive Wheels 15.5 Types of Transmission in Tractor 15.6 Types of Gear Box 16. DIFFERENTIAL AND FINAL DRIVE 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Components of Differential Unit and Their 16.3 Operation of Differential 16.4 Differential Lock 16.5 Final Drive 17. STEERING SYSTEM AND FRONT AXLE 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Functions of Steering System 17.3 Requirements of A Steering System 17.4 Components and Working of Steering System 17.5 Types of Steering Gear Box 17.6 Wheel Alignment 17.7 Steering Mechanisms 17.8 Front Axle 18. WHEELS AND TYRES 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Wheel Assembly 18.3 Type of Wheels 18.4 Construction of Wheels of a Row-Crop Tractor 18.5 Construction of Wheels of a General-Purpose Tractor 18.6 Purpose of Tyres 18.7 Types of Tyres 18.8 Tyre Size and Ply Rating 18.9 Tyre Materials 18.10 Wheel Ballasting 18.11 Factors Affection Tyre Life 19. BRAKES 19.1 Principle of Braking 19.2 Requirements of Brake 19.3 Classification of Brake 19.4 Purpose of Mechanical Brake System 19.5 Construction Arid Operation of Mechanical 19.6 Construction and Operation of External-Contracting Shoe Brake 19.7 Hydraulic Brakes 19.8 Disc Brake 19.9 Brake Fluid 20. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Basic Concepts of Hydraulics 20.3 Operation of Hydraulic System 20.4 Hydraulic System Components 20.5 Hitch Linkage in A Tractor 20.6 Classification of Hydraulic Controls 21. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The Battery 21.3 The Charging Unit 21.4 Ignition Unit Starting Unit 21.5 Lighting and Auxiliary Electrical Equipments 22. TRACTION AND MECHANICS OF TRACTOR CHASIS 22.1 Traction 22.2 Friction and Laws of Friction 22.3 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Theory 22.4 Soil Traction Types 22.5 Some Terminologies Relating to Traction 22.6 Soil Mechanics Applied to Traction 22.7 Traction Performance Equations 22.8 Force Triangle Analysis of Traction Wheel and Towed Wheel 22.9 Prediction of Traction Performance from Dimensional Analysis 22.10 Principle of Weight Transfer of Tractor 22.11 Mechanics of Tractor Chassis 22.12 Centre of Gravity and Moment of Inertia Determination of Tractor 23. TRACTOR TESTS AND PERFORMANCE 23.1 Introduction 23.2 General Guidelines for Preparation of Tests 23.3 Types of Test 23.4 Power Measurement Methods 23.5 Fuel Consumption Measure 23.6 Measurement of Air Supply 23.7 Measurement of Heat Gamed Away by Exhaust 23.8 Torque Curves 23.9 Engine Performance 24. POWER TILLER ENGINE SYSTEM 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Classification of Power Tiller 24.3 Features of Power Tillers 24.4 Construction of Power Tiller 24.5 Matching Implements with Power Tiller 24.6 Trends in Power Tiller Population in India 25. MAINTENANCE OF TRACTOR AND POWER TILLER 25.1 Maintenance and Trouble Shooting 25.2 General Precautions for Tractor/Power Tiller 25.3 Periodical Maintenance of Tractor 25.4 Periodical Maintenance of Power Tiller 25.5 Storage of Tractor 25.6 Trouble Shooting of Tractor 25.7 Trouble Shooting of Power Tiller 26. SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE 27. MULTIPLE CHOICE OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 28. BIBLIOGRAPHY 29. GLOSSARY 30. SOME VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS 31. APPENDIX-I APPENDIX-II